Difference between Homozygous and Heterozygous

Homozygous and Heterozygous

Humans possess 23 pairs of chromosomes, out of which 22 are autosomes and one pair is of sex chromosomes, XX in females and XY in males. Since there are 23 pairs it means there is a grand total of 46 chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell.  As we have two copies of each chromosome so we have two copies of each gene. Homozygous and heterozygous are the conditions which describe a gene for organisms, depending on the alleles of a trait.

Concept of Genes and Alleles

All multi-cellular organisms contain two copies of each gene. From which one copy is obtained from the mother and one from the father. These twin copies are often referred to as alleles of a gene. The genes are responsible for all the traits we possess, like height, skin color, eye color etc. All the genes possessed by an organism are called its genotype and the expression of the genotype is called phenotype.

What is meant by homozygous and heterozygous?

As described above we inherit a complete set of chromosomes from our mother and one complete set of chromosomes from our father. The two chromosomes of a pair are called homologous chromosomes which contain same genes located in the same places. There may be two forms of the same gene. These different forms of a gene are called alleles. If an organism carries two identical versions of a gene it is called homozygous for that particular trait. If the gene pair possessed by an organism contains two different versions, it is called heterozygous for that trait. Remember that an organism can not be called homozygous or heterozygous as there are thousands of genes and it can be homozygous or heterozygous at that gene locus only.

Dominant and Recessive Alleles

Alleles can be dominant or recessive. In writing, dominant alleles are usually expressed by a capital letter and recessive alleles by a small letter. e.g ‘A’ or ‘a’. The trait which is expressed by an organism depends on the dominance or recessiveness of the allele. Dominant alleles take priority over the recessive ones. The recessive allele can be expressed only in homozygous condition. For example, the allele for albinism is recessive and for normal pigment is dominant. If an individual carries ‘AA’ or ‘Aa’ it will produce normal pigment. It can show albinism only if it carries both recessive alleles i.e. ‘aa’.

Data Mining

“The analytic process to explore data, in order to discover consistent patterns and systematic relationship between variables for further use.”

Data mining is the process of analyzing data from different perspectives and summarizing it into useful information, that can be used to increase revenue, cut costs or both.”
How it works:
  • Retailers target promotions based on consumer purchases history.
  • Companies suggest products to its cardholders based on their monthly expenditure analysis.

Sadaqah

There are two types of Sadaqah: (1) Nafl (2) Wajib

Nafl Sadaqah

There is no condition for Nafl Sadaqah, such as a fixed amount of money, a preset time frame etc.

Wajib Sadaqah

The amount and time frame of Wajib Sadaqah such as Zakah, Fitrah are preset by Shari’ah. Whether the Sadaqah is Nafl or Wajib it brings countless benefits and blessings in the worldly life as well as in the afterlife. Apparently, it seems that Sadaqah reduces the wealth of the Sadaqah-giving person, but in fact it increases wealth as is stated in Hadis. Sadaqah Fitr and Zakah are monetary worships that are Wajib for us. The Beloved and Blessed Prophet (PBUM) ordered Muslims to give Sadaqah Fitr in the year when the fast of Ramadan were declared Fard prior to Zakah being Fard. To pay Sadaqah Fitr is mandatory for every such Muslim man and woman who possesses 7.5 Tolas of gold or 52.5 
Tolas of silver or the money or goods equivalent to 52.5 Tolas of silver. All of these things must be exclusive of bare necessities. (Note that one Tola is equivalent to 11.664 grams.) Sadaqah Fitr is given to the poor and Masakin so that they can also celebrate Eid. Furthermore, Sadaqah Fitr is also a means of purity of fast from useless and indecent talking. 



Value at Risk (VaR)


Value at Risk (VaR) is a measure of the potential risk in value of investments. It attempts to answer the question like, “How much could I loss?” It is quantified in three variables: a confidence level (normally either 95% or 99%), an estimate of loss (expressed either in currency or percentage terms) and the time frame.


The Idea behind Value at Risk (VaR)
The volatility method is also used for risk measurement. However, it does not consider the investments’ movements. For example, stocks’ prices are highly volatile which changes suddenly. They are measured by using Value at Risk method.
How it Works (Example)
Suppose a UK company expects to receive $ 14 million from a US customer. The value in pounds will depend on the exchange rate between the dollar and pounds resulting in gains or loss as the exchange rate change. Assume that the exchange rate today is $ 1.75/Pound and the daily volatility of pound/dollar exchange is 0.5%.
Calculate the 1-day 95% Value at Risk of receivable.
Solution
The value of the $ 14 million today is 8 million ($ 14 million / $ 1.75/Pound) with a daily standard deviation of 40,000 (0.5% * 8 million pound).
Value at Risk method is calculated as standard deviation * Z-score (from normal distribution table). The standard normal value associated with one-tail 95% confidence level is 1.645 (see normal distribution tables).
Hence, the 1-day 95% VaR is 1.645*40,000 = 65,800 Pound
It means that we are 95 % confident that the maximum daily loss will not exceed 65,800 pound. Alternatively, we could also say that there is a 5% chance that loss will exceed 65,800 pound.
Why it Matters
The result of VaR summarizes the exposure to risk and probability of an adverse move. If the result is negative, the process that led to computation of VaR can be used to decide where to trim the risk. For example, derivatives can be added to hedge and risky securities can be sold
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